Philatelia.Net: Fragments of Russian History / Plots / 1584/1613. The Time of Troubles


	Dmitry Karasyuk's author's project

Main

Fragments of Russian History

Plots

Countries

Artists

Bibliography

Concept

Author

Philatelia.Net / Fragments of Russian History / Plots /

The directory «Plots»

1584/1613. The Time of Troubles

The Time of Troubles was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last of the Muscovy Tsar Feodor Ivanovich of the Rurik Dynasty in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613.

After Feodor's death without issue, his brother-in-law and closest adviser, boyar Boris Godunov, was elected his successor by a Great National Assembly (Zemsky Sobor). Godunov's short reign (1598–1605) was not as successful as his administration under the weak Feodor. Extremely poor harvests were encountered in 1601-1603, with nighttime temperatures in all summer months often below freezing, wrecking crops. Widespread hunger led to mass starvations; the government distributed money and foodstuffs for poor people in Moscow, but that only lead to refugees flocking to the capital and increasing the economic disorganization. The oligarchical faction, headed by the Romanovs, considered it a disgrace to obey a mere boyar; conspiracies were frequent; the rural districts were desolated by famine and plague; great bands of armed brigands roamed the country committing all manner of atrocities; the Cossacks on the frontier were restless; and the government showed itself incapable of maintaining order.

Under the influence of the great nobles who had unsuccessfully opposed the election of Godunov, the general discontent took the form of hostility to him as a usurper, and rumours were heard that the late tsar's younger brother Dmitri, supposed to be dead, was still alive and in hiding. In 1603 a man calling himself Dmitri - first of the so-called False Dmitris - and professing to be the rightful heir to the throne, appeared in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In reality the younger son of Ivan the Terrible had been stabbed to death before his brother's death by order (it was said but never proved) of Godunov; and the mysterious individual who was impersonating him was an impostor but was regarded as the rightful heir by a large section of the population and gathered support both in Muscovy and outside its borders, particularly in the Commonwealth and the Papal States. Factions in the Commonwealth saw him as a tool to extend their influence over Muscovy, or at least gain wealth in return for their support; the Papacy saw it as an opportunity to increase the hold of Roman Catholicism over the Orthodox Muscovy.

A few months later he crossed the frontier with a small force of 4,000 Poles, Lithuanians, Russian exiles, German mercenaries and Cossacks from the Dnieper and the Don, in what marked the beginning of the Commonwealth intervention in Muscovy, or the Dymitriad wars. Although the Commonwealth had not officially declared war on Muscovy (as its king, Sigismund III Vasa, was opposed to the intervention), some powerful magnates decided to support False Dmitri with their own forces and money, expecting rich rewards afterwards. Dmitri was married per procura to Marina Mniszech, and immediately after Boris's death in 1605 he made his triumphal entry into Moscow.

The reign of Dmitri was short. Before a year had passed a conspiracy was formed against him by an ambitious Rurikid prince (knyaz) called Vasily Shuisky, and he was assassinated in the Moscow Kremlin, together with many of his supporters. The chief conspirator, Shuisky, seized power and was elected tsar by an assembly composed of his faction, but neither the Muscovite boyars, nor the Commonwealth magnates, nor the pillaging Cossacks, nor the German mercenaries were satisfied with the change, and soon a new impostor, likewise calling himself Dmitri, son and heir of Ivan the Terrible, came forward as the rightful heir. Like his predecessor, he enjoyed the protection and support of the Polish-Lithuanian magnates. However after Shuisky signed an alliance with Sweden, the king of the Commonwealth, Sigismund III, seeing the Muscovy-Swedish alliance as a threat, now resolved to officially intervene in the internal affairs of Russia.

Polish-Lithuanian troops crossed the Russian borders and lay siege to the fortress of Smolensk. After the combined Russo-Swedish forces were destroyed at the Battle of Klushino, Shuisky was forced to abdicate. False Dmitrii II wasn't able to gain the throne, however, because the Polish commander, hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski put forward a rival candidate in the person of Sigismund's son, Władysław. To this latter some people in Moscow swore allegiance on condition of his maintaining Orthodoxy and granting certain privileges to them. On this understanding the Polish troops were allowed to enter the city and occupy the Kremlin.

The Polish king, however, opposed the compromise, deciding to take the throne for himself and to convert Russia to Roman Catholicism. This scheme did not please any of the contending factions and it roused the anti-Catholic and anti-Polish sentiments of the nation. At the same time it was displeasing to the Swedes, who had become rivals of the Poles on the Baltic coast, and they declared war on Muscovy, supporting a false Dmitri of their own in Ivangorod.

Russia was now in a very critical condition. The throne was vacant; the great nobles (boyars) quarrelled among themselves; Orthodox Patriarch Hermogenes was imprisoned; Catholic Poles occupied the Moscow Kremlin and Smolensk; the Protestant Swedes occupied Novgorod; and enormous bands of brigands swarmed everywhere. Tens of thousands were dying in battles and riots; Moscow suffered a great fire in March 1611 and many other cities were also weakened.

The severity of the crisis produced a remedy, in the form of a patriotic rising of the nation under the leadership of Kuzma Minin, a Nizhny Novgorod merchant, and Prince Pozharsky. After battle for Moscow on October 22, the invaders retreated to the Kremlin, and on 24-27 October the nearby Polish army was forced to retreat. The garrison in the Kremlin surrendered to the triumphant Pozharsky.

A Grand National Assembly elected as tsar Michael Romanov, the young son of the metropolitan Philaret, who was connected by marriage with the late dynasty and according to the legend had been saved from the enemies by a heroic peasant, Ivan Susanin.
The Ingrian Wars against Sweden lasted until the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617 and the Dymitriad wars against the Commonwealth would last until the Peace of Deulino in 1619. Both forced Muscovy to make some territorial concessions, though the majority of them would be regained over the coming centuries. Most importantly, the crisis was instrumental in unifying all classes of the Russian society around the Romanov tsars and laid foundations for the powerful Russian Empire.

Finland, 1940, Cavalrymen

Poland, 1972, Hussar "winged rider"

Poland, 1973, Polish hussar cavalry outfit

Russia, 2004, Buildings of Tomsk

Russia, 2009, Arms of Kalmikia

Russia, 2012, Monument of Minin and Pozharsky

Russia, 2012, Heroes of Reunification of Russia

USSR, 1984, Freighter, Monument and Aurora Borealis

USSR, 1986, Arms and buildings

USSR, 1986, Monuments of Samara

USSR, 1986, Monuments of Tyumen

USSR, 1987, Monuments of Tobolsk